Formation mechanism of freshwater lenses, e.g., Hubbat (1953), Clumbus (1956), Henry (1959), Glover (1964) and

Formation mechanism of freshwater lenses, e.g., Hubbat (1953), Clumbus (1956), Henry (1959), Glover (1964) and Kaskef (1967) [10], who, respectively, employed the conformal mapping system, the Alizarin complexone site hydrodynamic method, the velocity vector-end curve approach plus the Dupuit hypothesis approximation system to simulate the saline and freshwater sharp interfaces below a steady state based on laboratory and field experimental studies. In 1992, Vacher [11] utilized the Dupuit hyben erzberg (DGH) formula to calculate the analytical solutions ofPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Copyright: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access short article distributed under the terms and situations of your Inventive Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).Water 2021, 13, 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/whttps://www.mdpi.com/journal/waterWater 2021, 13,2 ofseveral infinite islands (when the island aspect ratio is greater than four.four, it might be regarded as infinite); by means of the analysis of homogeneous rectangular islands, it’s identified that the difference of K (hydraulic conductivity) and (precipitation infiltration recharge coefficient) at various places with the island leads to the asymmetry in the shape of the freshwater lens. Henry and Barbara [12] carried out a field investigation of a freshwater lens on Lengthy Island, New York, working with electrical procedures and also the observation of groundwater levels. The outcomes from the study showed that, when treating the transition zone between salt and fresh water as a sharp interface, the 5-Pentadecylresorcinol Biological Activity thickness of the freshwater lens calculated below hydrostatic equilibrium conditions is larger than the actual thickness and also the evaluation on the total subsurface freshwater sources of your island is overestimated. Zhou [13,14] studied the formation and dynamic procedure of your freshwater lens on a coral island by utilizing the Visual MODFLOW numerical model and place forward the affordable development and protection method of freshwater lenses. Considering the fact that then, a lot of scholars have studied the formation, evolution and internal hydrodynamics of freshwater lenses by suggests of physical experiments and numerical simulations [15,16]. Freshwater lenses of islands have been affected by escalating urban building in recent years and quite a few scholars have carried out relevant research. In 2010, White et al. [17] found that coastal erosion as a consequence of sand and gravel mining in Pacific islands has decreased the thickness of soil above the water table, producing the freshwater lens far more vulnerable to contamination by biochemicals, for example septic tanks, waste disposal places, fertilizers and agrochemicals, posing serious well being risks. Huizer et al. [18] performed a calculation simulation of a sand dike constructed along the Dutch coast and the outcomes showed that the freshwater lens under the sand dike was primarily determined by groundwater recharge and was impacted, to a minor extent, by geomorphic adjustments, even though storm surges triggered a wide range of surface inundation and seawater infiltration, leading to salinization of most fresh groundwater inside the inundation zone. In 2018, Vincent et al. [19] investigated the tiny atoll of Bonriki and identified that storm surges and over-pumping would bring about seawater intrusion; the freshwater lens of Bonriki Island is still shrinking soon after 27.five years of pumping, exactly where a thinner freshwater lens incr.