Utions VPD and EAC conceived and created the experiments. VPD and

Utions VPD and EAC conceived and created the experiments. VPD and FH performed experiments whilst MMD and EH generated hu-mice. VPD and EAC analyzed the data. VPD, EAC and EH wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement We thank Manon Laprise for mouse operate, Eric Massicotte for enable with flow cytometry and Jonathan Richard and Rajesh Murali for proviral constructs. This function was supported by CIHR grant MOP 111226 to EAC. EAC is recipient from the Canada Analysis Chair in Human Retrovirology. Author facts 1 Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montr l (IRCM), 110 Pine avenue west, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada. 2 CHU Sainte-Justine Study Center, 3175 chemin de la C e-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada. 3Department of Paediatrics, Universitde Montr l, 2900 Boul. ouard- Montpetit, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada. 4 Departments of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Universitde Montr l, 2900 Boul. ouard- Montpetit, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada. Received: 27 August 2013 Accepted: 27 October 2013 Published: 6 November 2013 23. References 1. Blanco-Melo D, Venkatesh S, Bieniasz PD: Intrinsic cellular defenses against human immunodeficiency viruses. Immunity 2012, 37:39911.Nefazodone 17.18.19.20.21.22.Harris RS, Hultquist JF, Evans DT: The restriction aspects of human immunodeficiency virus. J Biol Chem 2012, 287:408750883. Blasius AL, Giurisato E, Cella M, Schreiber RD, Shaw AS, Colonna M: Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 can be a specific marker of sort I IFNproducing cells inside the naive mouse, but a promiscuous cell surface antigen following IFN stimulation. J Immunol 2006, 177:3260265. Neil SJ, Zang T, Bieniasz PD: Tetherin inhibits retrovirus release and is antagonized by HIV-1 Vpu.Oligomycin Nature 2008, 451:42530.PMID:23962101 Van Damme N, Goff D, Katsura C, Jorgenson RL, Mitchell R, Johnson MC, Stephens EB, Guatelli J: The interferon-induced protein BST-2 restricts HIV-1 release and is downregulated from the cell surface by the viral Vpu protein. Cell Host Microbe 2008, three:24552. Lehmann M, Rocha S, Mangeat B, Blanchet F, Uji IH, Hofkens J, Piguet V: Quantitative multicolor super-resolution microscopy reveals tetherin HIV-1 interaction. PLoS Pathog 2011, 7:e1002456. Venkatesh S, Bieniasz PD: Mechanism of HIV-1 virion entrapment by tetherin. PLoS Pathog 2013, 9:e1003483. Casartelli N, Sourisseau M, Feldmann J, Guivel-Benhassine F, Mallet A, Marcelin AG, Guatelli J, Schwartz O: Tetherin restricts productive HIV-1 cell-tocell transmission. PLoS Pathog 2010, 6:e1000955. Jolly C, Booth NJ, Neil SJ: Cell-cell spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 overcomes tetherin/BST-2-mediated restriction in T cells. J Virol 2010, 84:121852199. Barrett BS, Smith DS, Li SX, Guo K, Hasenkrug KJ, Santiago ML: A single nucleotide polymorphism in italic tetherin/italic promotes retrovirus restriction italic in vivo/italic. PLoS Pathog 2012, 8:e1002596. Liberatore RA, Bieniasz PD: Tetherin can be a key effector in the antiretroviral activity of variety I interferon in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108:180978101. Vigan R, Neil SJ: Determinants of tetherin antagonism inside the transmembrane domain from the human immunodeficiency virus form 1 Vpu protein. J Virol 2010, 84:129582970. McNatt MW, Zang T, Bieniasz PD: Vpu binds straight to tetherin and displaces it from nascent virions. PLoS Pathog 2013, 9:e1003299. Skasko M, Wang Y, Tian Y, Tokarev A, Munguia J, Ruiz A, Stephens EB, Opella SJ.