The slightly higher value is likely due to post-translational modification

ded. A Delta Body weight was calculated. When significance F value was obtained a post-hoc test with Tukey’s adjustment was performed for multiple comparison purposes. Results were expressed as means 6 SEMs. Statistical significance was set at P,0.05. Reverse Transcriptase/Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction The relative gene expression of a myosin heavy chain and b myosin heavy chain were analyzed by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR. Total RNA was isolated from LV with Trizol reagent. Total RNA concentration and integrity were assessed and RT-PCR was performed. RNA samples were quantified by absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm in order to determine their concentration and purity levels. Only samples with 260 nm/280 nm index between 1.82.2 were considered. The aMHC and bMHC mRNA expression were assessed by oligonucleotide primers as follows: for aMHC, and; for bMHC,, and and for ACE and. The expression of cyclophilin A and was measured as an internal control for sample variation in RT reaction. Real-Time PCR amplifications were performed with an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System, using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix. All samples were assayed in triplicate. The results were quantified as Ct values, where Ct is defined as the threshold cycle of the polymerase chain reaction at which the amplified product is first detected. Values for 4 Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training in Obesity Results Body weight, visceral fat pad and left ventricle ratio Hemodynamic parameters In order to verify the hemodynamic changes and cardiovascular adaptations in BC and EXT, the HR and SBP were measured at the end of the training protocol as shown in Cardiac parameters 5 Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training in Obesity while OZR+EXT had values close to those of the lean control group. Systemic Renin-Angiotensin-System In order to investigate the role of RAS components in BC and EXT even further, the systemic RAS and cardiac components were evaluated. There were no significant effects of BC, EXT and interaction on serum ACE activity. However, as regards plasma Ang II concentration, untrained OZR showed a decrease compared with untrained LZR; and OZR+EXT a decrease compared with untrained LZR. Metabolic parameters To verify whether this obesity model leads to other metabolic risk factors, and whether the EXT alters these parameters after the treatment protocol, some plasma components, such as glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides were analyzed. The results are shown in Cardiac Renin-Angiotensin-System LV ACE activity and gene expression, ACE2 activity and protein expression, Ang II concentration and Ang II receptor protein expressions were measured in order to verify the TSU 68 relationship between cardiac alterations and local RAS in BC and EXT. Differently from the systemic RAS, there was significant increase in LV ACE activity and gene expression in untrained OZR, when compared with untrained LZR. These alterations were accompanied by high levels of cardiac Ang II and AT2 receptor,. AT1 protein expressions were the same for all groups. In the OZR+EXT, swimming training decreased ACE activity and expression, Ang II concentration and AT2 expression, being comparable with a and b Myosin Heavy Chain To gain better understanding of whether obese CH is physiological or pathological, pathological hypertrophy markers, a and b-MHC were analyzed. There was a significant BC effect on these ca